US Marathoners

2024 US Women's Marathon Rankings

The fastest recorded marathon per athlete during 2024. Historical coverage may be incomplete.
Current women's rankings2024 men2025 rankings2023 rankings
Marathon rankings with supporting race results
RankAthleteTimeRaceDateEvidence
1Susanna Sullivan2:21:56Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Susanna Sullivan
2Fiona O'Keeffe2:22:10U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Fiona O'Keeffe
3Emily Sisson2:22:42U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Emily Sisson
4Lindsay Flanagan2:23:31Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Lindsay Flanagan
5Sara Hall2:23:45Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Sara Hall
6Emma Bates2:24:00Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Emma Bates
7Gabriella Rooker2:24:29Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Gabriella Rooker
8Jacqueline Gaughan2:24:40California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Jacqueline Gaughan
9Dakotah Popehn2:25:31U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Dakotah Popehn
10Jessica Mcclain2:25:46U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Jessica Mcclain
11Lauren Hagans2:25:47Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Lauren Hagans
12Makenna Myler2:26:14U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Makenna Myler
13Molly Grabill2:26:46Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Molly Grabill
14Sara Vaughn2:26:56TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Sara Vaughn
15Annie Frisbie2:27:52Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Annie Frisbie
16Kellyn Taylor2:27:59TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Kellyn Taylor
17Desiree Linden2:28:04U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Desiree Linden
18Amy Davis-green2:28:41Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Amy Davis-green
18Stephanie Bruce2:28:41California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Stephanie Bruce
20Molly Bookmyer2:28:52Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Molly Bookmyer
21Savannah Berry2:29:17U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Savannah Berry
22Anne-Marie Blaney2:29:25Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Anne-Marie Blaney
23Roberta Groner2:29:32Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Roberta Groner
24Tristin Colley2:30:02TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Tristin Colley
25Makena Morley2:30:25Los Angeles MarathonMar 16, 2024Result source for Makena Morley
26Annie Heffernan2:30:26California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Annie Heffernan
27Maggie Montoya2:30:53TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Maggie Montoya
28Jessa Hanson2:31:02U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Jessa Hanson
29Jane Bareikis2:31:17Grandma's MarathonJun 22, 2024Result source for Jane Bareikis
30Lindsey Bradley2:31:49CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Lindsey Bradley
31Elena Hayday2:31:50Grandma's MarathonJun 22, 2024Result source for Elena Hayday
32Maya Weigel2:32:16U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Maya Weigel
33Monica Hebner2:32:40California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Monica Hebner
34Jessica Watychowicz2:33:02Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Jessica Watychowicz
35Lily Anderson2:33:22Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Lily Anderson
36Ashlee Powers2:33:40Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Ashlee Powers
37Rachel Hyland2:33:44California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Rachel Hyland
38Neely Spence Gracey2:33:53California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Neely Spence Gracey
39Kaylee Flanagan2:34:03BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Kaylee Flanagan
40Katja Goldring2:34:24U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Katja Goldring
41Stephanie Sherman2:34:35California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Stephanie Sherman
42Natosha Rogers2:34:51U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Natosha Rogers
43Megan O'neil2:34:55Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Megan O'neil
44Amber Zimmerman2:34:58U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Amber Zimmerman
45Rebecca Schmitt2:35:14California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Rebecca Schmitt
46Elizabeth Chikotas2:35:30Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Elizabeth Chikotas
47Veronica Eder2:35:46U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Veronica Eder
48Aubrey Frentheway2:35:47Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Aubrey Frentheway
49Nicolette St. Lawrence2:35:51California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Nicolette St. Lawrence
50Mimi Smith2:35:54Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Mimi Smith
51Amanda Beach-theodore2:36:03CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Amanda Beach-theodore
52Katie Kellner2:36:07U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Katie Kellner
52Madison Offstein2:36:07Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Madison Offstein
54Kathryn Fluehr2:36:17California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Kathryn Fluehr
55Erin Mcdonald2:36:53California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Erin Mcdonald
56Kristin Dailey2:36:55California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Kristin Dailey
57Kir Selert2:36:59California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Kir Selert
57Tabor Hemming2:36:59California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Tabor Hemming
59Isabel Hebner2:37:08California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Isabel Hebner
60Allie Schaich2:37:14U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Allie Schaich
61Sarah Czuprynski2:37:21California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Sarah Czuprynski
62Carrie Ellwood2:37:54TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Carrie Ellwood
63Erika Fluehr2:38:00BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Erika Fluehr
64Dorothy Mcmahan2:38:34U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Dorothy Mcmahan
65Piper Atnip2:38:38California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Piper Atnip
66Madey Dickson2:38:44California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Madey Dickson
67Alyssa Bloomquist2:38:58Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Alyssa Bloomquist
68Hannah Branch2:39:17California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Hannah Branch
69Marissa Lenger2:39:24Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Marissa Lenger
70Anna Kenig-ziesle2:39:35Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Anna Kenig-ziesle
71Izzi Gengaro2:40:03California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Izzi Gengaro
72Maddie Block2:40:18California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Maddie Block
73Stephanie Rouse2:40:21U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Stephanie Rouse
74Brooke Starn2:40:27BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Brooke Starn
75Sarah Reiter2:41:01TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Sarah Reiter
76Heather Kampf2:41:04U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Heather Kampf
77Erin Del Giudice2:41:09Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Erin Del Giudice
77Flannery Davis2:41:09U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Flannery Davis
79Alosha Southern2:41:16Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Alosha Southern
80Maggie Bowman2:41:25CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Maggie Bowman
81Mary Akor2:41:3758 Maraton Baja CaliforniaDec 8, 2024Result source for Mary Akor
82Alana Levy2:42:01TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Alana Levy
83Ellen Flood2:42:02CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Ellen Flood
84Julia Giguere2:42:03California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Julia Giguere
85Melissa Perlman2:42:50Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Melissa Perlman
86Rachel Mccardell2:43:17Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Rachel Mccardell
87Alex Orr2:43:25BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Alex Orr
88Jordan O'dea2:43:31CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Jordan O'dea
89Karen Bertasso-hughes2:43:35Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Karen Bertasso-hughes
90Jaime Lord2:43:36BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Jaime Lord
91Kidan Kidane2:43:37U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Kidan Kidane
92Hailey Bowes2:43:43Osaka MarathonFeb 25, 2024Result source for Hailey Bowes
93Caroline Williams2:43:51U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Caroline Williams
94Jennifer Pope2:43:55U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Jennifer Pope
95Jori Galles2:43:57CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Jori Galles
96Andrea Bradshaw2:43:58Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Andrea Bradshaw
97Sophia Manners2:44:10Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Sophia Manners
98Lucy Dobbs2:44:34TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Lucy Dobbs
99Maura Lemon2:44:39Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Maura Lemon
100Melanie Vlasic2:44:46Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Melanie Vlasic
101Leigh Barrow2:44:55Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Leigh Barrow
102Carly Larios2:45:32Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Carly Larios
103Claire Benjamin2:45:34U.S. Olympic Team Trials - MarathonFeb 3, 2024Result source for Claire Benjamin
104Claire Krummenacher2:45:36Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Claire Krummenacher
105Hilary Heskett2:45:47California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Hilary Heskett
106Lauren Kelly2:45:52Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Lauren Kelly
107Stefanie Corgel2:46:11Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Stefanie Corgel
108Jennifer Van Otterloo2:46:13Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Jennifer Van Otterloo
109Maria Eastman2:47:01CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Maria Eastman
110Aileen Barry2:47:16TCS New York City MarathonNov 3, 2024Result source for Aileen Barry
110Alex Wang2:47:16California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Alex Wang
112Melissa Reed2:47:23Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Melissa Reed
113Alyssa Salese2:47:32California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Alyssa Salese
114Elizabeth Laseter2:47:54BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Elizabeth Laseter
115Kristen Travers2:47:57Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Kristen Travers
116Maggie Gibbs2:48:10CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Maggie Gibbs
117Maggie Noble2:48:12BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Maggie Noble
118Layne Hammer2:48:19NN Marathon RotterdamApr 14, 2024Result source for Layne Hammer
119Ainsley Pressl2:48:47Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Ainsley Pressl
120Bree Gaster2:48:51BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Bree Gaster
121Sophie Payne2:48:54BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Sophie Payne
122Andrea Condie2:48:58California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Andrea Condie
123Katie Swor2:49:00CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Katie Swor
124Julia Ordzowialy2:49:22Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Julia Ordzowialy
125Sarah Wills2:49:24California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Sarah Wills
126Janessa Dunn2:49:29Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Janessa Dunn
126Yilin Wu2:49:29California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Yilin Wu
128Jenna Wolfrum2:49:33Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Jenna Wolfrum
129Melissa Tenkate2:49:50California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Melissa Tenkate
130Erin Fitzgerald2:49:55Chevron Houston MarathonJan 14, 2024Result source for Erin Fitzgerald
131Lucy Brash2:49:58California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Lucy Brash
132Jillian Kupchella2:49:59BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Jillian Kupchella
133Jenny Zwagerman2:50:01Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Jenny Zwagerman
134Kara Dudley2:50:13Maratón Valencia Trinidad Alfonso ZurichDec 1, 2024Result source for Kara Dudley
135Maggie Priebe2:50:23CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Maggie Priebe
136Arianna Maida2:50:27Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Arianna Maida
137Elizabeth Talbi2:50:30Yellow River Estuary Dongying MarathonOct 20, 2024Result source for Elizabeth Talbi
138Kaitlin Gregg Goodman2:50:45Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Kaitlin Gregg Goodman
139Alexandria Andrews2:50:53BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Alexandria Andrews
140Ariel Keklak2:51:15California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Ariel Keklak
140Heidi Wolfsberger Peoples2:51:15Steamtown MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Heidi Wolfsberger Peoples
142Marie Peterson2:51:21Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Marie Peterson
143Christie Wetzel2:51:30California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Christie Wetzel
144Caitie Meyer2:51:58Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Caitie Meyer
145Courtney Hawkins2:52:00Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Courtney Hawkins
146Madison Hirsch2:52:16BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Madison Hirsch
147Stephanie Popovitch2:52:17Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Stephanie Popovitch
148Julie Hartenbach2:52:33BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Julie Hartenbach
149Eileen Beres2:52:38Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Eileen Beres
149Katrina Morrissey2:52:38Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Katrina Morrissey
151Mary Anglin2:52:41BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Mary Anglin
152Jessa Victor2:52:44California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Jessa Victor
153Gabrielle Mckenzie2:52:48Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Gabrielle Mckenzie
154Meghann Featherstun2:53:00BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Meghann Featherstun
155Joanna Line2:53:15FirstEnergy Akron MarathonSep 28, 2024Result source for Joanna Line
156Devon Yanko2:53:45Chevron Houston MarathonJan 14, 2024Result source for Devon Yanko
157Clare Filiere2:54:09BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Clare Filiere
158Savannah Nelson2:54:16CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Savannah Nelson
159Harlie Bassitt2:54:22BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Harlie Bassitt
160Kerin Hempel2:54:39BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Kerin Hempel
161Olivia Barbier2:54:51California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Olivia Barbier
162Jennifer Simmerman2:54:53CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Jennifer Simmerman
162Laura Eakin2:54:53CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Laura Eakin
164Bridget Tobias2:54:55Chevron Houston MarathonJan 14, 2024Result source for Bridget Tobias
164Shelby Meek2:54:55California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Shelby Meek
166Kathleen Simms2:54:59California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Kathleen Simms
167Erin Moyer2:55:10California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Erin Moyer
168Jeannie Sullivan2:55:12BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Jeannie Sullivan
169Sarah Ann Sibert2:55:42CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Sarah Ann Sibert
170Grace Frechette2:55:49Medtronic Twin Cities MarathonOct 6, 2024Result source for Grace Frechette
171Elizabeth Camy2:55:58Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Elizabeth Camy
172Rebecca Nussbaum2:56:00CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Rebecca Nussbaum
173Claire Reid2:56:01Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Claire Reid
174Caroline Rusinski2:56:03Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Caroline Rusinski
175Cara Udvadia2:56:04Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Cara Udvadia
176Elizabeth Mcgroarty2:56:15Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Elizabeth Mcgroarty
177Casey Nelson2:56:18Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Casey Nelson
178Macy Mcrowe2:56:25FirstEnergy Akron MarathonSep 28, 2024Result source for Macy Mcrowe
179Danielle Aspitz2:56:26Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Danielle Aspitz
180Maddie Mcquirk2:56:32California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Maddie Mcquirk
181Bobbie Burgess2:56:49BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Bobbie Burgess
182Shannon Bueker2:56:55BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Shannon Bueker
183Michelle Baxter2:57:01CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Michelle Baxter
184Melissa Kessler2:57:04BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Melissa Kessler
185Courtney Cobb2:57:12BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Courtney Cobb
186Kelsi Chappell2:57:19Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Kelsi Chappell
187Rebecca Verrone2:57:35California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Rebecca Verrone
188Ashton Swinford2:57:41FirstEnergy Akron MarathonSep 28, 2024Result source for Ashton Swinford
189Emily Moran2:57:44Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Emily Moran
190Rachael Gallap2:57:57CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Rachael Gallap
191Abbey Warth2:58:23CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Abbey Warth
192Emma Sullivan2:58:26Philadelphia MarathonNov 24, 2024Result source for Emma Sullivan
193Kelli Smith2:58:38BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Kelli Smith
194Emily Akin2:58:39Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Emily Akin
195Heather Czarnecki2:58:53California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Heather Czarnecki
196Karima Modjadidi2:58:59Bank of America Chicago MarathonOct 13, 2024Result source for Karima Modjadidi
197Nora Barnicle2:59:56BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Nora Barnicle
198Mariah Jordan3:00:01BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Mariah Jordan
199Amy Hoagland3:00:31California International MarathonDec 8, 2024Result source for Amy Hoagland
200Emily Dunn3:00:32Chevron Houston MarathonJan 14, 2024Result source for Emily Dunn
201Christina Johnston3:00:38CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Christina Johnston
202Brenna Kirkpatrick3:01:11BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Brenna Kirkpatrick
203Emily Suarez3:01:47Chevron Houston MarathonJan 14, 2024Result source for Emily Suarez
204Megan Hepp3:02:07CNO Financial Indianapolis Monumental MarathonNov 9, 2024Result source for Megan Hepp
205Allison Felsenthal3:02:10BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Allison Felsenthal
206Samantha Origoni3:02:16BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Samantha Origoni
207Abigail Shoemaker3:02:36Tokyo MarathonMar 3, 2024Result source for Abigail Shoemaker
208Tess Barrett3:03:30Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Tess Barrett
209Jillian Wolf3:04:02Boston MarathonApr 15, 2024Result source for Jillian Wolf
210Stephanie Jursa3:04:18BMW Berlin MarathonSep 29, 2024Result source for Stephanie Jursa

Rankings reflect marathon results recorded in our database, including point-to-point courses. Coverage is incomplete and times are not adjusted for course difficulty. Each athlete appears once; equal times share a rank. Athlete status does not determine inclusion. Read the methodology.